CIVILIZATION DOSSIER
Liu Shan刘禅
Son of Liu Bei, infant name A Dou.
- DIRECT FIGURES
- 15
- RELATION RECORDS
- 19
- SOURCE WORKS
- 3
RELATIONSHIP COMPASS
Liu Shan, and the people around them.
Open one chapter at a time. Each chapter gives the relationship first, then the source text behind it.
01KINSHIPKinship
Blood, marriage and sworn bonds
4 figures · 4 records＋
Kinship
Blood, marriage and sworn bonds
Liu BeiisLiu Shan’s father
Lady GanisLiu Shan’s mother
Liu Shan—Liu Congfather-son
Liu Shan—Empress Zhangspouse
02ALLEGIANCEAllegiance
Rulers, appointments and allegiance
9 figures · 11 records＋
Allegiance
Rulers, appointments and allegiance
Zhuge Liang→Liu Shanassist
Liu Shan→Qiao Zhouobey
Liu Shan→Jiang Weidecree
Sun Quan→Liu Shanalliance
Sima Zhao→Liu Shanconfer title
03CONFLICTConflict
Battles, captures and defeat
3 figures · 4 records＋
Conflict
Battles, captures and defeat
Liu Shan→Deng Aisurrender
Cao Pi—Liu Shanhostile
Zhong Hui→Liu Shanconquer
12 key relationships are shown here. The complete record remains below.
In history · Records of the Three Kingdoms · Old Book of Tang
The second emperor of Shu Han, a monarch assisted by Zhuge Liang.
In fiction · Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Son of Liu Bei, infant name A Dou; son of Liu Bei, rescued by Zhao Yun; son of Liu Bei, rescued from Zhao Yun's arms.
Across source works
How this figure changes across texts
Works are shown side by side, not as a chronology. No influence between texts is inferred.
- Official history1 profile notes
Old Book of Tang
0 relations0 verified quotations - Literature / legend9 profile notes
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
9 relations14 verified quotations- Liu Bei→ father-son →Liu Shan
- Zhuge Liang→ assist →Liu Shan
- Liu Shan→ trust →Zhuge Liang
- Liu Shan→ decree →Jiang Wei
Verified original text · 14
甘夫人生刘禅
mother-son · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 34
子刘禅立为王世子
father-son · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 73
12 more verified quotations in the relationship records below.
- Official history12 profile notes
Records of the Three Kingdoms
17 relations27 verified quotations- Liu Bei→ father-son →Liu Shan
- Sun Quan→ alliance →Liu Shan
- Zhuge Liang→ assist →Liu Shan
- Liu Shan→ trust →Zhuge Liang
Verified original text · 27
子禅为皇太子
father-son · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·先主传
先主子也
father-son · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传
25 more verified quotations in the relationship records below.
History vs. fiction
In official histories, the later ruler of Shu Han is portrayed as obedient to his father's will, feigning ignorance, or simply mediocre.
- attestedHappy not to think of Shu
According to the Han-Jin Chunqiu quoted in Pei Songzhi's annotation to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Biography of the Later Ruler, Sima Zhao asked Liu Shan if he missed Shu, and Liu Shan replied, 'I am happy here and do not think of Shu.'
- novel inventionBrain damaged by Liu Bei's throw in childhood
The Records of the Three Kingdoms has no record of Liu Bei throwing Adou; the incident at Changban Slope where Liu Bei threw his son to the ground and said 'you cost me a great general' is a fictional invention of the novel.
Relationship network
- father-son← Liu Bei → Liu Shanhist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·先主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 34Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 73Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 80Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 85
Original text (6)
Original text (1)
- assist← Zhuge Liang → Liu Shanhist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·诸葛亮传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 85Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 86Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 101Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 102
Original text (6)
凡一应朝廷、选法、钱粮、词讼等事，皆听诸葛丞相裁处。
孔明自邓芝去后，奏后主曰
Original relation: petition · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 86
孔明拜辞后主
Original relation: ruler-subject · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 101
孔明曰：“吾受先帝托孤之重，当竭力讨贼
Original relation: ruler-subject · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 102
委以诸事
先主又为诏敕后主曰……汝与丞相从事，事之如父
- trustLiu Shan → Zhuge Lianghist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 101
Original text (2)
朕久不见丞相之面，心甚思慕
以亮为丞相，委以诸事
Original relation: ruler-subject · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传
Original text (1)
- decreeLiu Shan → Jiang Weihist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·蒋琬费祎姜维传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 118
Original text (3)
遣太仆蒋显赍敕令姜维早降
进姜维位为大将军
Original relation: appoint · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传
寻被后主敕令乃投戈放甲
- confer title← Sima Zhao → Liu ShanhistRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·少帝纪
Original text (2)
命刘禅为安乐县公
丁亥，封刘禅为安乐公。
Original relation: confer title · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·少帝纪
- accept surrender← Deng Ai → Liu Shanhist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·杜周许孟来尹李谯郤传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·王毌丘诸葛邓锺传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 118
Original text (4)
邓艾扶起后主，亲解其缚
魏大将军邓艾克江由，长驱而前。
Original relation: conquer · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·杜周许孟来尹李谯郤传
刘禅遣使奉皇帝玺绶，为笺诣艾请降
刘禅诣艾降
- surrenderLiu Shan → Deng Aihist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·杜周许孟来尹李谯郤传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·少帝纪Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 118
Original text (3)
后主率太子诸王，及群臣六十馀人，面缚舆榇，出北门十里而降
降于艾
蜀主刘禅诣艾降，巴蜀皆平。
Original text (1)
- conquer← Zhong Hui → Liu ShanhistRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·王毌丘诸葛邓锺传
Original text (2)
命征西将军邓艾、镇西将军锺会
刘禅诣艾降，遣使敕维等令降于会
Original relation: accept surrender · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·王毌丘诸葛邓锺传
Original text (1)
以尚书令费祎为大将军
- obeyLiu Shan → Qiao Zhouhist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·杜周许孟来尹李谯郤传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 118
Original text (3)
后主从谯周之言
用光禄大夫谯周策
后主立太子，以周为仆
Original relation: appoint official · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·杜周许孟来尹李谯郤传
Original text (1)
自古以来，无寄他国为天子者也，今若入吴，固当臣服
Original text (1)
- father-sonLiu Shan → Liu Conghist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 118
Original text (2)
Original text (1)
- spouseLiu Shan → Empress ZhanghistRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·主妃子传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传
Original text (2)
延熙元年春正月，策曰：“朕统承大业，君临天下，奉郊庙社稷。今以贵人为皇后
立皇后张氏