CIVILIZATION DOSSIER
Zhang He张郃
Originally a general under Yuan Shao, later surrendered to Cao Cao.
- DIRECT FIGURES
- 18
- RELATION RECORDS
- 23
- SOURCE WORKS
- 2
RELATIONSHIP COMPASS
Zhang He, and the people around them.
Open one chapter at a time. Each chapter gives the relationship first, then the source text behind it.
01ALLEGIANCEAllegiance
Rulers, appointments and allegiance
8 figures · 10 records＋
Allegiance
Rulers, appointments and allegiance
Zhang He→Cao Caosurrender
Sima Yi→Zhang Hecommand
Cao HongisZhang He’s ruler
Cao Rui→Zhang Heappoint
Zhang He→Yuan Shaosubmit
Guo Huai→Zhang Herecommend
02CONFLICTConflict
Battles, captures and defeat
9 figures · 12 records＋
Conflict
Battles, captures and defeat
Zhuge Liang→Zhang Heshoot kill
Zhang Fei—Zhang Hebattle
Zhang He—Wang Pingbattle
Zhao Yun—Zhang Hebattle
Zhang Liao—Zhang Hebattle
Source record
03THE UNSEENMythic acts
Transformation, aid and divine punishment
1 figure · 1 record＋
Mythic acts
Transformation, aid and divine punishment
Du Xi→Zhang Herecommend
Source record
12 key relationships are shown here. The complete record remains below.
In history · Records of the Three Kingdoms
A famous general of Wei, killed by Zhuge Liang's arrows.
In fiction · Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Originally a general under Yuan Shao, later surrendered to Cao Cao. A general under Cao Cao, participated in an ambush, then fought with Zhao Yun. A great general of Cao Wei, in the second team.
Across source works
How this figure changes across texts
Works are shown side by side, not as a chronology. No influence between texts is inferred.
- Literature / legend18 profile notes
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
16 relations20 verified quotations- Cao Cao→ subordinate general →Zhang He
- Zhang He→ surrender →Cao Cao
- Zhuge Liang→ shoot kill →Zhang He
- Sima Yi→ command →Zhang He
Verified original text · 20
操自领诸将居中；后部曹仁、夏侯惇
subordinate general · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 67
留张郃守蒙头岩等隘口
stay behind · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 67
18 more verified quotations in the relationship records below.
- Official history15 profile notes
Records of the Three Kingdoms
11 relations15 verified quotations- Cao Cao→ subordinate general →Zhang He
- Zhang He→ surrender →Cao Cao
- Zhuge Liang→ shoot kill →Zhang He
- Zhang He→ battle →Zhuge Liang
Verified original text · 15
曹公使夏侯渊、张郃屯汉中
subordinate general · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·先主传
张郃等见事急，共引公入船
subordinate · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·武帝纪
13 more verified quotations in the relationship records below.
History vs. fiction
In official histories, Zhang He was one of Wei's Five Elite Generals, known for adapting to changing circumstances and excelling in camp formations, but in fiction he is often defeated by Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei.
The Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, Biography of Zhang He records that he defeated Ma Su at Jieting, cutting off his water supply, which caused Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition to fail. The original text: 「诸葛亮出祁山。加郃位特进，遣督诸军，拒亮将马谡於街亭。谡依阻南山，不下據城。郃絶其汲道，击，大破之。」 (Source: Book of Wei, Biographies of Zhang, Yue, Yu, Zhang, and Xu)
The Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, Biography of Zhang He records that Sima Yi forcibly ordered him to pursue the Shu army, and Zhang He was ambushed at Mumen Road, struck by a flying arrow in his right knee, and died. The original text: 「诸葛亮复出祁山，诏郃督诸将西至略阳，亮还保祁山，郃追至木门，与亮军交战，飞矢中郃右膝，薨」(Source: Book of Wei, Biographies of Zhang, Yue, Ren, and Xu, Zhang He's biography).
Relationship network
- subordinate general← Cao Cao → Zhang Hehist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·先主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·武帝纪Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 30Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 67
Original text (4)
操自领诸将居中；后部曹仁、夏侯惇
留张郃守蒙头岩等隘口
Original relation: stay behind · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 67
曹公使夏侯渊、张郃屯汉中
张郃等见事急，共引公入船
Original relation: subordinate · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·武帝纪
- surrenderZhang He → Cao Caohist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·张乐于张徐传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·武帝纪Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·董二袁刘传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 30
Original text (4)
于是二人领本部兵马，往曹操寨中投降。
郃惧，乃归太祖
Original relation: submit · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·张乐于张徐传
郃等闻琼破，遂来降。
绍将高览、张郃等率其众降
- shoot kill← Zhuge Liang → Zhang Hehist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·后主传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·诸葛亮传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 99Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 101
Original text (4)
孔明在祁山上大叫曰：“戴陵、张郃可听吾言
Original relation: hostile · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 99
将张郃并百馀个部将皆射死于木门道中
被箭死
与魏将张郃交战，射杀郃
- battleZhang He → Zhuge LianghistRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·张乐于张徐传Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·明帝纪
Original text (2)
与亮军交战
张郃击亮于街亭，大破之
Original relation: defeat · Records of the Three Kingdoms, 魏书·明帝纪
Original text (1)
- command← Sima Yi → Zhang HelitRomance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 94Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 95Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 99
Original text (3)
臣举一大将，可为先锋
Original relation: recommend · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 94
请先锋张郃至帐下曰
Original relation: teach plan · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 95
懿乃命张郃引一军
Original text (1)
- appoint← Cao Rui → Zhang HelitRomance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 94Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 95
Original text (2)
遂命张郃为前部先锋
魏主曹叡令张郃为先锋
Original relation: appoint vanguard · Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 95
- battle← Zhang Fei → Zhang Hehist × litRecords of the Three Kingdoms, 蜀书·先主传Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ch. 70
Original text (2)
张飞出马，单搦张郃。
先主令张飞进兵宕渠，与郃等战于瓦口
Original text (1)
人皆怕张飞，吾视之如小儿耳！
Original text (1)
云更不答话，挺枪便战
Original text (1)
Original text (1)
推荡寇将军张郃为军主
Original text (1)
Original text (1)
洪大怒曰：“汝不听吾言，强要进兵，失了紧要隘口，却又来求救！”
Original text (1)
忠怒曰：“竖子欺我年老！吾手中宝刀却不老！”遂拍马向前与郃决战。
Original text (1)
正遇张郃；战有数十馀合
Original text (1)
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Original text (1)
郭图恐张郃、高览回寨证对是非，先于袁绍前谮曰：“张郃、高览见主公兵败，心中必喜。”
Original text (1)