Is “Duke Xiang of Song was defeated in the Battle of Hong River because he insisted on not attacking an enemy that had not formed ranks.” true?
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter on the Hereditary House of Song Weizi, Duke Xiang of Song fought the Chu army at the Hong River. The Chu army had not yet crossed, and Duke Xiang refused to attack them halfway across. He said, 'Wait until they have formed ranks.' When they had formed ranks, the Song army attacked, but was severely defeated, and Duke Xiang was wounded in the thigh. He defended himself, saying, 'A gentleman does not trap the enemy in a narrow pass, and does not sound the drum to attack an enemy that has not formed ranks.' In the Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms, Chapter 34, when Duke Xiang heard the people's complaints and sighs, he explained himself, saying, 'A gentleman does not wound the already wounded, and does not capture the gray-haired. I intend to lead my army with righteousness, how could I imitate such acts of taking advantage of danger and seizing strategic points?' This is consistent with the official history.
In the official history, Duke Xiang of Song lost the Battle of Hong River because he adhered to not wounding the already wounded and not capturing the gray-haired, and the novel faithfully dramatizes his pedantic righteousness.
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